Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles Free Essays

Starter Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles Abstract This paper right off the bat gives a short presentation of business as usual of captioning practice. By explaining the attributes and elements of captioning interpretation, dissecting the reality requirements by utilizing solid models applied from Forrest Gump, Waterloo Bridges, Friends, Rain Man, Shrek, You’ve Got Mail, Liar, Mind of Beauty, Schidle’s List, Pride and Prejudice, American Beauty, Out of Africa, After the Sunset for representation, the creator advances six useful procedures for captioning interpretation, to be specific, the evasion of missteps on presence of mind, the utilization of buildup, due consideration of social factors, the appropriation of conversational words with regular and familiar tone,the accomplishment of amicability among speed and visual pictures, great thought of setting. At last, the significance of improving interpretation abilities and hard working attitude of caption interpreters is high helped with the expectation for culminating the caption translator’s practice in a proficient manner. We will compose a custom exposition test on Primer Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Catchphrases: captioning; attributes; requirements; procedures; caption interpreters Preliminary Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles Outline Theory Statement: Translation of film’s captions, which assumes a significant job in culturally diverse correspondence, is important of due consideration so as to pass on the exact significance of the first movies to its crowd. ?. Presentation: The Status Quo, Characteristics, and Functions of Subtitling Translation ?. Two Limiting Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation ?. Strategies Drew From the Analysis of Some Movies A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense B. The Application of Condensation C. Due Attention of Cultural Factors D. The Adoption of Colloquial Words with Natural and Fluent Speed E. The Achievement of Harmony among Speed and Visual Pictures F. Great Consideration of Context ?. End Fundamental Study on Tactics of Translating Film’s Subtitles ?. Presentation A. The Status Quo of Subtitling Translation With the augmenting opening-up and developing reconstruction just as the expanding contact with different nations, English unique movies become increasingly more famous in our media outlet. At the point when Americans are insane with The Lord of the Rings, snickering with Shrek, contending about Fahrenheit 9/11, and holding their breath at acknowledging Spider-man, Chinese individuals likewise need to have a far reaching comprehension of them. In any case, not every single Chinese individuals could get English, so they need to go to captions to increase a feeling of fulfillment. Along these lines, captioning interpretation, which assumes a significant job in culturally diverse correspondence, is essential of due consideration so as to pass on the exact importance of the first movies to its crowd. B. Qualities of Subtitling Translation Subtitles are the words that printed at the base piece of the screen as target language, following the sound of source language. Nedegaard-Larsen, Birgit once put captioning interpretation as a kind of uncommon language change: the dense composed interpretation of the first oral discourse. 1 Shuttleworth and Cowie likewise put it in this wayâ€subtitling interpretation was a procedure which gives concurrent guidance to the verbal exercises occurred in movies and TV programs. Gottieb once finished up the highlights of captioning interpretation into five perspectives: 1) composed 2) addible 3) quick 4) concurrent 5) mixed media. 3 And expressly, there are in any event three evident highlights: 1. Legitimate buildup of unique se tting: When a film is going, its watchers need to have notice of the captions while listening the first stable and valuing the vivified pictures. So captioning interpretation needs exactness, yet additionally needs to connect equivalent significance to the thickness of words in each line and the actor’s talking speed, of which the multifaceted nature can be balanced as per the watcher acknowledgment. In this way, legitimate buildup turns into the key purpose of captioning interpretation. Let’s take a short discussion in Friends for instance, Rachel stated: â€Å"Chandler, I gotta let you know, I love your mom’s books! I love her books! I can't jump on a plane without one†. The first caption interpretation goes this way: â€Å" ,!! , ,! † Although we can detect the scholarly excellence in it, we additionally can gather it into a superior express way like â€Å" ,!! † 2. Transformation from composed discourse to informal structure: Usually, the captions just remain on the screen for just a next to no while. To ensure that the watcher can get a handle on the fundamental thought effectively, the style of the interpreted form ought to maintain a strategic distance from unreadibility. So the control of oralization and lucidness surpass different elements. The interpretation of captions ought to most degree pick oral and simple getting words and expressions, maintaining a strategic distance from excess words, redundant articulations much foreignized set expressions and sayings just as outside inferences that Chinese individuals can't comprehend. The sentence ought not be dreary and extensive, yet be basic and simple seeing, likewise the interpretation ought to stay away from bracket, ing words and statements. 3. Being perfect with interactive media: For standard composed works, data can be passed on just through the type of characters, while for captions, it can pass on the message out and out with visual data (film pictures) and sound data (unique sound, music and other stage sounds). Thusly, when the captions neglect to pass on the specific significance, its watchers can get data from extra-phonetic message. Let’s take â€Å"Shrek† for instance, Shrek’s outrage can be appeared by distorted face; Princess Fiona’s delicacy and generosity can be appeared through her delicate grin; the inconspicuous impact can be detected through its lovely or delicate or energizing music. These significant extra-etymological messages can be communicated by minor composed characters, and these messages can help captions to bring its capacities into full play. C. Elements of Subtitling Translation When referencing the elements of captioning interpretation, for the most part I might want to close them into the accompanying focuses: 1) Subtitling interpretation can encourage its watchers to boost their comprehension to the first movies. Since numerous Chinese watchers can't get English, they need some encouraging devices to assist them with comprehending and welcome them. Subsequent to attempting numerous techniques, analysts find that caption is an extremely viable approach to accomplish this. It can pass on the most extreme message to the crowd. 2) Subtitling interpretation fills in as a guide to visual pictures and audio effect. Caption is a kind of extraordinary change among interpretation and back to back translation. Since in synchronous understanding and interpretation, perusers and audience members get the message in a consistent manner, while in back to back understanding, a period contrast exists simultaneously, which resembles the caption translation’s work in motion pictures. What's more, for caption, it must work with pictures and sounds when passing on its data, and in this procedure, watchers need to examine one line and afterward another to get a handle on the primary thought, likewise a period contrast occurs, however this distinction is a lot shorter than that in back to back translation. 3) Subtitling interpretation can help its film watchers to welcome the first effect brought by the certifiable impact. Watchers need simply have a brief look at the captions showing up at the base piece of the screen while listening the first solid. 4) Good captioning interpretation can be a decent path for individuals to learn English. At the point when individuals tune in to English, they can see the Chinese. All the while, they may improve their English listening capability, yet additionally upgrade their English interpretation aptitudes. ?. Constraining Factors of Subtitling Translation A. Time Constraint in Subtitling Translation Time imperative implies that the image development and audio cue ought to be commonly agreeing. In spite of the fact that film caption isn't so severe as film naming, it ought to likewise pass on the specific significance by utilizing the comparable measure of time as it is utilized in source language. Moreover, caption should remain on the screen long enough for watchers to filter. For the most part, the time isn't under two seconds and not over seven seconds (with the exception of tune verses). In the event that interpreters overlook the time limitation in captioning interpretation, a few difficulties may be caused for watchers to increase an all out comprehension. So explicitly, now and then interpreters need to utilize buildup and informal words to accomplish the time congruity with different elements, for example, the ambient melodies, characters’ outward appearances, etc. B. Space Constraint in Subtitling Translation Space requirement implies that the words and accentuations of caption showed up on the screen at one time ought not be too much. As per Gottlieb’s study, the words showed up in each line of the caption are not more than thirty-five, and probably, two lines can be on simultaneously. In this manner, if the captions in unique motion pictures are long, the interpreters ought to embrace the buildup of words so as to introduce the watchers the best possible and complete significance inside a restricted space on the screen. For these part, the nitty gritty the expatiation will be unfurled in the accompanying procedures. ?. Useful Strategies Dealing With the Above Constraints A. The Avoidance of Mistakes on Common Sense Example1: †Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump? †He is on business. (Looked over Forrest Gump) The second

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) Assignment

Human Services 322 Ideology and Policy Evolution (Rev.C2) - Assignment Example Individuals gain from the general public on what to accept and what to state and even the proper behavior. At the point when the general public believes that the impaired in the public arena don't should be agreed any equity or treated decently on the grounds that they are not equivalent to the remainder of the individuals, at that point every other person in the public arena will stick to this same pattern in the mistreatment. The cultural convictions are likewise what causes the remainder of the general public to consider the individuals living with different types of handicaps as having the right to experience the ill effects of mortification, being treated with threatening vibe or being sentenced and particularly to those experiencing mental inabilities and don't have the ability to battle for their privileges (Lightman, 2003). The other reason for persecution to the crippled in the public eye is realized by a misconception. This misconception is spread through publicity by the media which delineates the impairs as being sluggish and thus delayed in accomplishing their work. This is plainly a misconception and a misguided judgment on the grounds that the handicapped are eased back somewhere around their noteworthy hindrance. A disabled man utilizing grips for instance can't be required to work at a quicker rate as a typical and abled person. A portion of these individuals with handicaps likewise endure consistent torment and thus need to rest from time to time. These are the signs that are confounded and viewed as being apathy and gradualness while they are surely evaluating their best. The other impaired on the roads looking for help are another purpose behind being viewed as lethargic yet they are just looking for help however this doesn't mean they are languid (Tomlinson and Trew, 2005). The other reason for mistreatment is basically despise for the impaired individuals since they are not the same as the remainder of the individuals. The aversion is in such abundance as to make individuals cause the handicapped to endure. The abhorrence is typically realized by the way that the debilitated get the government assistance help, are absolved from

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The Novel Animal Farm, was composed by George Orwell. This story happens on a homestead where the animals rebel against the human proprietor of the land and assume responsibility for the ranch. During the rule of the creatures, numerous contentions happen over who holds the most force and who ought to settle on the entirety of the choices on be-half of the remainder of the creatures. In the end Napolean gains control over Snowball. This causes numerous issues on the ranch in light of the fact that Napolean utilizes a great part of the cash to engage himself and doesn't make vital move to help the remainder of the animals. The writer decided to name the book "Animal Farm" in light of the fact that in a strict term, the animals own and run the ranch. This is plainly appeared in the book when we see the animals power the human proprietor off the homestead and they start to run everything that occurs. This epic has a place with the advanced time of British Literature. During this timeframe, a critical likeness can be seen between the setting of the novel and socialism. The two pigs, Napolean and Snowball, speak to the pioneers of socialism, Stalin and Trotsky. While they hold the force, the two of them have varying perspectives and endeavor to increase a better control over the other. When Napolean increases all out control, it speaks to what socialism ended up being. This included one pioneer controlling the whole assortment of individuals and compelling his ways on every other person.      The author’s perspective is that socialism is something that ought to have never appeared. He accepts that all the force ought not have a place with one individual since that solitary individual will exploit their capacity and use it furthering their potential benefit. The impact of this is it gives the peruser the possibility that no good thing can happen to socialism. This makes everybody who peruses the novel accept what he accepts. This can be a dependable source since what is written in setting genuinely speaks to history. Orwell depicts his characters in a roundabout way. This is a result of the likeness to the historical backdrop of socialism. A portion of the characters were intended to speak to a genuine individual that once lived, so the depiction of that character can be taken from the character characteristics of the real individual that they speak to. Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays The Novel Animal Farm, was composed by George Orwell. This story happens on a homestead where the animals rebel against the human proprietor of the land and assume responsibility for the ranch. During the rule of the creatures, numerous contentions happen over who holds the most force and who ought to settle on the entirety of the choices on be-half of the remainder of the creatures. In the end Napolean gains control over Snowball. This causes numerous issues on the ranch in light of the fact that Napolean utilizes a significant part of the cash to engage himself and doesn't make vital move to help the remainder of the animals. The writer decided to name the book "Animal Farm" on the grounds that in a strict term, the animals own and run the homestead. This is unmistakably appeared in the book when we see the animals power the human proprietor off the homestead and they start to run everything that occurs. This epic has a place with the cutting edge time of British Literature. During this timeframe, a critical likeness can be seen between the setting of the novel and socialism. The two pigs, Napolean and Snowball, speak to the pioneers of socialism, Stalin and Trotsky. While they hold the force, the two of them have varying perspectives and endeavor to increase a better control over the other. When Napolean increases complete control, it speaks to what socialism ended up being. This included one pioneer controlling the whole collection of individuals and constraining his ways on every other person.      The author’s perspective is that socialism is something that ought to have never appeared. He accepts that all the force ought not have a place with one individual since that solitary individual will exploit their capacity and use it to further their potential benefit. The impact of this is it gives the peruser the possibility that no good thing can happen to socialism. This makes everybody who peruses the novel accept what he accepts. This can be a dependable source since what is written in setting really speaks to history. Orwell depicts his characters in a roundabout way. This is a result of the similarity to the historical backdrop of socialism. A portion of the characters were intended to speak to a real individual that once lived, so the portrayal of that character can be taken from the character characteristics of the real individual that they speak to.

Brain Controlled Car for Disabled Using Artificial Intelligence - Free Essay Example

A Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JNTU, KAKINADA Presented by: Y. H. H. S . AYYAPPA. S SREEKANTH. GELAM II MCA II MCA [emailprotected] om [emailprotected] com ADITYA INSTITUTE OF P. G. STUDIES Kakinada, E. G. Dist, A. P. 1. ABSTRACT This paper considers the development of a brain driven car, which would be of great help to the physically disabled people. Since these cars will rely only on what the individual is thinking they will hence not require any physical movement on the part of the individual. The car integrates signals from a variety of sensors like video, weather monitor, anti-collision etc. it also has an automatic navigation system in case of emergency. The car works on the asynchronous mechanism of artificial intelligence. It’s a great advance of technology which will make the disabled, abled. In the 40s and 50s, a number of res earchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walters turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the Teleological Society at Princeton and the Ratio Club in England. Most researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them. A few believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project. 2. INTRODUCTION The video and thermogram analyzer continuously monitor activities outside the car. A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway etween a human or animal brain (or bra in cell culture) and an external device. In one-way BCIs, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but not both. Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to silicon hips (including hypothetical future technologies such as quantum computing) Once the driver (disabled) nears the car. The security system of the car is activated. Images as well as thermo graphic results of the driver are previously fed into the database of the computer. If the video images match with the database entries then the security system advances to the next stage. Here the thermo graphic image verification is done with the database. Once the driv er passes this stage the door slides to the sides and a ramp is lowered from its floor. The ramp has flip actuators in its lower end. Once the driver enters the ramp, the flip actuates the ramp to be lifted horizontally. Then robotic arms assist the driver to his seat. As soon as the driver is seated the EEG (electroencephalogram) helmet, attached to the top of the seat, is lowered and suitably placed on the driver’s head. A wide screen of the computer is placed at an angle aesthetically suitable to the driver. Each program can be controlled either directly by a mouse or by a shortcut. For starting the car, the start button is clicked. Accordingly the computer switches ON the circuit from the battery to the A. C. Series Induction motors. 3. BIOCONTROL SYSTEM The biocontrol system integrates signals from various other systems and compares them with originals in the database. It comprises of the following systems: ?Brain-computer interface ?Automatic security system ?Auto matic navigation system Now let us discuss each system in detail. 3. 1. BRAIN – COMPUTER INTERFACE Brain-computer interfaces will increase acceptance by offering customized, intelligent help and training, especially for the non-expert user. Development of such a flexible interface paradigm raises several challenges in the areas of machine perception and automatic explanation. The teams doing research in this field have developed a single-position, brain-controlled switch that responds to specific patterns detected in spatiotemporal electroencephalograms (EEG) measured fromthe human scalp. We refer to this initial design as the Low- Frequency Asynchronous Switch Design (LF-ASD) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 LF-ASD The EEG is then filtered and run through a fast Fourier transform before being displayed as a three dimensional graphic. The data can then be piped into MIDI compatible music programs. Furthermore, MIDI can be adjusted to control other external processes, such as robotics. The experimental control system is configured for the particular task being used in the evaluation. Real Time Workshop generates all the control programs from Simulink models and C/C++ using MS Visual C++ 6. 0. Analysis of data is mostly done within Mat lab environment. FEATURES OF EEG BAND Remote analysis data can be sent and analyzed in real-time over a network or modem connection. Data can be fully exported in raw data, FFT average formats. Ultra low noise balanced DC coupling amplifier. Max input 100microV p-p, minimum digital resolution is 100 microV p-p / 256 = 0. 390625 micro V p-p. FFT point can select from 128 (0. 9375 Hz), 256 (0. 46875 Hz), 512 (0. 234375 Hz resolution). Support for additional serial ports via plug-in boar; allows extensive serial input output control. Infinite real-time data acquisition (dependent upon hard drive size). Real-time 3-D 2-D FFT with peak indicator, Raw Data, and Horizontal Bar displays with Quick Draw mode. Full 24 bit color suppor t; data can be analyzed with any standard or user. Customized color palettes; color cycling available in 8 bit mode with QuickDrawmode. Interactive real-time FFT filtering with Quick Draw mode. Real-time 3-D FFT (left, right, coherence and relative coherence), raw wave, sphere frequency and six brain wave switch in one OpenGL display. Full Brainwave driven Quick Time Movie, Quick Time MIDI control; user configurable Full Brain wave driven sound control, support for 16 bit sound; user configurable Full image capture and playback control; user configurable. Fig. 2: EEG Transmission Fig. 3 EEG 3. 1. 1. TEST RESULTS COMPARING DRIVER ACCURACY WITH/WITHOUT BCI 1. Able-bodied subjects using imaginary movements could attain equal or better control accuracies than able-bodied subjects using real movements. 2. Subjects demonstrated activation accuracies in the range of 70-82% with false activations below 2%. 3. Accuracies using actual finger movements were observed in the range 36-83% 4. T he average classification accuracy of imaginary movements was over 99% Fig. Brain-to- Machine Mechanism The principle behind the whole mechanism is that the impulse of the human brain can be tracked and even decoded. The Low-Frequency Asynchronous Switch Design traces the motor neurons in the brain. When the driver attempts for a physical movement, he/she sends an impulse to the motor neuron. These motor neurons carry the signal to the physical components such as hands or legs. Hence we decode the message at the motor neuron to obtain maximum accuracy. By observing the sensory neurons we can monitor the eye movement of the driver. Fig. Eyeball Tracking As the eye moves, the cursor on the screen also moves and is also brightened when the driver concentrates on one particular point in his environment. The sensors, which are placed at the front and rear ends of the car, send a live feedback of the environment to the computer. The steering wheel is turned through a specific angle by ele ctromechanical actuators. The angle of turn is calibrated from the distance moved by the dot on the screen. Fig. 6 Electromechanical Control Unit Fig. 7 Sensors and Their Range 3. 2. AUTOMATIC SECURITY SYSTEM The EEG of the driver is monitored continually. When it drops less than 4 Hz then the driver is in an unstable state. A message is given to the driver for confirmation and waits for sometime, to continue the drive. A confirmed reply activates the program for automatic drive. If the driver is doesn’t give reply then the computer prompts the driver for the destination before the drive. 3. 3. AUTOMATIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM As the computer is based on artificial intelligence it automatically monitors every route the car travels and stores it in its map database for future use. The map database is nalyzed and the shortest route to the destination is chosen. With traffic monitoring system provided by xm satellite radio the computer drives the car automatically. Video and anti- collision sensors mainly assist this drive by providing continuous live feed of the environment up to 180 m, which is sufficient for the purpose. Fig. 8 EEG Analysis Window 4. CONCLUSION When the above requirements are satisfied and if this car becomes cost effective then we shall witness a revolutionary change in the society where the demarcation between the abler and the disabled vanishes. Thus the integration of bioelectronics with automotive systems is essential to develop efficient and futuristic vehicles, which shall be witnessed soon helping the disabled in every manner in the field of transportation. 5. REFERENCE 1. Off-line Classification of EEG from the New York Brain- Computer Interface (BCI) Flotzinger, D. , Kalcher, J. , Wolpaw, J. R. , McFarland, J. J. , and Pfurtscheller, G. , Report #378, IIG-Report Series, IIG: Institutes for Information Processing, Graz University of Technology, Austria 1993. . Man-MachineCommunications through Brain-Wave Processing Keirn, Z. A. and Aunon, J. I. , IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, March 1990. 3. Automotive engineering, SAE, June 2005 4. Automotive mechanics , Crouse , tenth edition , 1993 5. The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses Sutter, E. E. , Journal of Microcomputer Applications, 1992, 15: 31-45.

Common Reader and Complex Reader Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The common reader according to the author is a layman who, in relation to what was mentioned earlier, simply wants to experience and satisfy his needs. Since the Grand Canyon is greatly advertised as a nice place to visit, being there with other tourists, experiencing and enjoying the view would already be enough for the common reader. The complex reader, on the other hand, will not be satisfied by simply being there. He is an expert so he will be able to see with observant eyes other things which may not be even noticed by other people. There is something that he wants to experience further, something uncommon and different. Therefore, he does not get satisfied by visiting the Grand Canyon unless he finds out something he did not read about in books or magazines. Perhaps he would find another venue from where he could see the renowned tourist spot with a new perspective. The complex reader is a planner so that knowing what to expect at the Grand Canyon, he will make detailed notes about alternative activities or venues for his visit. The common reader is also simple in his ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Reader and Complex Reader or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page What a wonderful sunset . On the contrary, the complex reader will plan to camp and have a barbecue party because he interprets the red sky as a sign of a good night for outdoor activity. The analysis was mentioned earlier. This is absent among common readers while it is a defining characteristic of the complex reader.

Statement of Purpose from Homeless to Student Essay

Visualize living in a beautiful 4-bedroom home near the mountains. Now, imagine the transition to living in a car. Eventually you will shift from receiving government assistance to attending graduate school while working for the federal government. That is a snapshot of my life. Life has thrown me lemons, and I have done my best to make the sweetest lemonade. I have sustained employment since my senior year of high school, and have maintained above a 3.0 throughout my collegiate career. The roughest period was the 2007-2008 school year when I lost an uncle, grandmother, and best friend during a five month period. Nevertheless, my experiences never deterred me from achieving my dreams. I want to support children and families potentially†¦show more content†¦In Cults and Nonreligious Movements I explored allegations of cults and sexual abuse focusing on women and children. Unlike other students, I decided to take a controversial stance and defend those groups facing allegatio ns. I developed a plan of action on how to handle controversial cults and nonreligious movements in a school and professional setting. During my teacher preparation program, I completed an internship in a public school. I decided to select a school with high risk students. I had the task of working with 200+ students on a daily basis. During the last week of my internship I had an epiphany: you have to get out of the classroom. This is not the way you want to reach children and families. The answer is a career in Human Development and Family Studies. I spent my early adolescence in a military family, and have fond memories of services provided by Child, Youth and School Services. I have longed to prepare and obtain employment in a similar program. Human Development and Family Studies is the answer to my professional and personal enhancement. Human Development and Family Studies provides the opportunity to immerse in research towards improving the quality of life for children and their families. Upon entrance in the program I will focus on research in social emotional development, parent-child relationships, diverse families, or effects of family transitions on family members. Each topic hadShow MoreRelatedStrategic Planning Model for Homeless Shelter1038 Words   |  5 Pagesto approximately 2,000 homeless people around Kuala Lumpur, the central city of Malaysia under Anjung Singgah shelter. HEM supports and services to the homeless include job placement and support, residential services and support, social activities, and vocational training. HEM also offers information and referral services, and works to educate the community about homeless people. 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Conflict & Negotiation

Questions: 1. Choose to focus on one of the methods (conflict management, negotiation, mediation or arbitration). Critically review a selection of the literature on your chosen topic. 2. This part asks you construct a model to guide you in making decisions when confronting and managing situations that involve disagreement and/or disputes. Answers: Executive summary Mediation has been widely used as a method of conflict resolution for over decades. Mediation is a case that is put to use in the cases where the conflicting parties have sort intervention but has failed. Mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. In a summary in one of his works, he pointed out that the main objectives of settlement as a model of mediation is to influence and motivate an rising bargaining attracted to a mutual point between the positions of the two teams where the mediator will be working towards adjusting the stands of the parties off their stand to a compromise. The first step in the process is the identification of the ethical issues that surrounds decision making because solving a moral problem will need one to acknowledge that it is actually existing. After identifying the ethical problem, the professionals involved in the decision making process are to find a driving force from the formulated opinions identified in moral sensi tivity. After coming to a conclusion about the course of action, the decision maker must be focused on the choices they have to make. For the plan of action to be executed, there must be a character. The moral agents are expected to overcome the opposition and restrict destructions in the process as they will also be developing tactics and strategies while coping with the associated fatigue. PART 1 Introduction: Mediation Mediation has been widely used as a method of conflict resolution for over decades. Mediation is a case that is put to use in the cases where the conflicting parties have sort intervention but has failed. The mediation process has a third party who acts as the referee to the conflicting groups assisting them in finding the best solution that will be of satisfaction to their problems. It is a process that should be attended to with sufficient knowledge of the issues in the dispute and the authority to decide the settlement after the mediation process. Mediation is a flexible process that can be tailored to the circumstances and assist in concluding negotiations. In the journey through my course, i conducted a research activity with my colleagues to identify the best way mediation could be used in making decisions. Literature review Out project activity went through previously done work that found that that the initial steps that one might follow when organizing for a national or international mediation is the evaluation of the current thinking around the mediation models. I took the liberty to define mediation and conquer with these researches that evaluating the situation is quite significant. In the process, I as well noted that Past research had distinguished between the mediation designs these being settlement, facilitative, therapeutic and evaluative negation models. In the activity, we found that mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. Towards the end of the activity, I noted that the main objectives of settlement as a model is to encourage and motivate a mutual stand between the two victims where the professional will be working towards adjusting the stands of the parties to a compromise (Bingham, 2004). Further, we discovered that the facilitative model is a case where the mediators are advised to put more focus on the assisting the conflicting parties to define and bring forth third interests with the faith that it would define a common ground to the parties. In evaluative mediation, the mediator attempts to offer a solution to the disputing parties following an evaluation of their negotiating stands according to the legal requirements falling within the anticipated results by the courts. Evaluative mediation is a case that is mostly applicable in the cases where the parties are conflicting over a single entity that occasionally appears to be money. The fourth model, therapeutic, is being known for the focus on the instances where the future relationships of the disputing persons or parties are to be improved (Batson Thompson, 2001). We then came to a definition that facilitative mediation is a procedure that is often questioned and practiced among the mediation community. Its essence is seen to be on the focus of the problem where the mediators are seen encouraging and motivating parties to explore the data as they experience the related problem (Eisenberg, 2000). However, we noticed that the approach is pragmatic and is seen to focus only on the interests and needs expressed by the influential work. The critics of the approach are found arguing that in the process of following the leads of facilitative model, the mediators mainly focus on the information relating to the problem instead of exploring on the border issues that relates to the identities and relationships of the parties. The goal for the technique applied is to come up with a settlement that will be mutually accepted in settling the dispute. According to the research project we conducted, the problem-solving mediation process appears to be a highly directive in the process of trying to reach the goal. It came that the process is controled and the substance of the discussion where they show a lot of focus on the consensus and the resolvable issue. In the process of doing this, the we noted that we will be avoiding the conflicting areas where the consensus is minimal. They also note that although the decisions are left to the disputants, the mediators are significantly useful in the development of the terms of settlement and acquiring the agreements of the parties (Thompson Chen, 2002). It is also seen that the transformative approach to the mediation process does not rely on the immediate problem resolution but they seek an empowerment as well as a mutual recognition from the parties conflicting. According to researchers, empowerment is the process of allowing the parties to define their issues and to seek solution to their issues. For recognition, they believe that it stands for allowing the parties an opportunity to have a look and understand their points of view regarding the case at hand and also to have an understanding on the definition of the problem and the need to seek solution for them (Mayer, 2004). It is found that empowerment and recognition are factors that pave way for a mutually agreeable problem-solving that come without a secondary effect. The main goals that are associated with the transformative mediation are believed to be, fostering the empowerment and recognition of the parties allowing the parties a chance to define the appropriate approach to their problems current and later. According to literature, the approach makes it easier for parties to avoid the issue of the defectiveness of the mediators that is often witnessed in the process of problem-solving mediation. According to winslade and monk 2000, a narrative approach is often offered during the re-examination of the traditional approaches that are offered to conflict resolution through mediation where the stories told about the conflicts to be solved are told are told (Jossey-Bass NADRAC, 2001). According to the author, there are theories that challenge the natural assumptions arguing that the needs of the people are not necessarily from their desires. Rather, people are seen to come up with conflict from the narrative that describe the turn of events. In the process of the mediation, theres a safe place that is set for the conflicting parties where they are to tell their sides of their stories and their relationship to the conflict (OFallon, Butterfield, 2005). They then leave the rest to the mediator who is to work on the issue in attempts to uncover the assumptions that the parties have brought to the table. Immediately the biases and the assumptions in the case have been uncovered, there are alternative approaches that are considered. Then, new stories and theories about the conflict are created with intentions that the disputing parties would be moved from their intractable situations to the newly formed stories based on their understanding, their respect and collaborations (Paleker, 2003). There have as well been a significant debate trending internationally since the release of the publications; the promise of mediation and narrative mediation by Bush and Folger (1994) and Winslade and Monk (2000) respectively. These have been the models that have been positions as alternatives to the interest-based processes that have for a long time been dominating the mediation practices. Picard and Melchin (2007) have been out pointing that the mediators [practicing insight mediation have views for different insights to the facts the conflicting parties believe in through the discovery of the things that the parties care about and how it threatens other parties. according to the transformative model, the probing of information about the problem forces the parties to remain locked into a dispute. As such, to gain a resolution, there must be a shift that is to be made from the issue. Contrary to this belief, the two authors found out that through the focus on the problem and through exploring on the concerns of the party about the issue, there could be a breakthrough to an deeper understanding of the relational issue to the problem. Cloke (2002) came out with another vision of mediation and the processes of resolving conflict. In his work, he seemed to aim at the evaluation of the essence of the process rather than the procedure setting out the challenge to the mediators questioning them about their assumptions to the issue of handling conflicts. He states that each and every conflict and resolution comes with a spiritual dimension and energy (Thoma, 2006). We then declared that strategic mediation is an approach often used when the mediator is in a position where they have to attend to the underlying dysfunction that is being seen as a propelling factor to the conflict. He also notes that despite the fact that the model is illustrated in the divorce mediation, there are no enough documents to support it. There are many writings that are seen to reveal some evidence on the mediators who search for the underlying causes of conflict and attend to them (James, 2000). PART 2 Conflict Management Model In the process of trying to find the best way to coming to a conclusion regarding a certain case, there is a need for one to construct a model that will best guide in driving to the decision. The components that could be used in developing a better decision in solving a conflict are as discussed. In the discussed model of decision making, there is a need to involve a neutral party to assist in the process as they will have to study various aspects and attributes of the conflicting parties. There are many available models in the ethical decision making and action. In our case, we are to use a four component model by James Rest that was later branded the Rests model (Lipsky Avgar, 2004). First Component: Moral sensitivity The first step in the process is the identification of the ethical issues that surrounds decision making because solving a moral problem will need one to acknowledge that it is actually existing. It is believed that recognizing the problem will need to consider the way a person would be affected with our behavior. Then, there is need to identify the possible course of the action and determine the consequences of the possible potential strategy. Research has proved that empathy and perspective are skills that appear to be essential to moral action when it comes to decision making (Cloke, 2006). Understanding the reaction of others causes the decision maker to be more sensitive to the possible negative effects that the choices made can cause and can also help in predicting the resulting outcome (Alexander, 2002). There are factors that may prevent people from recognizing the ethical issues in the decision making process. one main factor is the reluctance to use the moral terminologies in describing the decision made because of wanting to avoid controversy. In the process, the professional used in arriving to the decision regarding the case would have to follow some aspects to reach a conclusion (Connelly, Helton-Fauth Mumford, 2004). It is advisable that one becomes an active listener and role playing and also imagining other perspectives in the process. Also, they will have to step back from a case to allow them to determine whether they have any moral implications. Avoiding euphemism and refusing to execute misbehavior are as well other aspects that could guide moral sensitivity in a decision making process. One would be expected to keenly pay attention to personal emotions in cases when they are faced with ethical dilemmas (Keystone Conference Final Report, 2006). Second Component: Moral judgment After identifying the ethical problem, the professionals involved in the decision making process are to find a course of action from the generated opinions identified in moral sensitivity. In this case, they will be making judgment regarding the things that are believed to be right or wrong to be done in the situation. This is a component that has been found to generate more research than the other components in the rest model (Winslade and Monk, 2000). The investigating teams in the model have displayed a partial interest in the moral cognitive development, which is a process that people get to when developing personal reasoning abilities in most cases. It is argued that people progress through the series involved in the moral strategy the same way they attend to the physical ones. Each of the stages appears to be advanced than the previous step and people engage in complex reasoning in their process of progression and they as well become less-self-centered developing broader defini tions of morality (Danesh, 2002). The identified levels of development are seen to be three; Procurement thinking believed to be the most primitive one focusing on the consequences. It is as well-known too be a form of reasoning that is mostly found among children who are avoiding punishments by choosing to obey. Also, they might be choosing to follow the rules so that they can meet certain interests (Picard Melchin, 2007). Conventional thinkers who are seen to be the ones who choose to look for other people for guidance when making decisions. The stage three people are believed to be living up to the expectations of the people they respect and the value concern for others. The stage four individuals are seen to follow a broader perspective depending on the entire society for direction (Tillett, 2006). Post conceptual or principled reasoning seen to be the advanced ethical reasoning where the stage five persons are guided by the utilitarian principles. These are the people who are concerned with the needs for the whole team and they are up to making sure that the rules and set laws are serving for the best of the group (Kressel, 2007). Third Component: Moral Focus After coming to a conclusion about the course of action, the decision maker must be focused on the choices they have to make. They are expected to recognize that the moral values are often seen to conflict with the other important values. According to psychologists, the acts of hypocrisy and self-assessment are seen to undermine the moral motivation of a person. In other instances, it is seen that people might want to do the right things but their integrity comes to be overpowered on discovering that they must pay a personal cost for their ethical actions. Other people do not intend to follow the ethical courses but engage in the moral hypocrisy (Alexander, 2009). For the decision makers, they would want to appear moral and avoid the cost of acting in a moral way. Practically, they believe that assignments should be distributed in a fair manner when they are assigning themselves desirable tasks and leaving the others less desirable ones. In the same context or moral focus, also belie ved to be motivation, rewards are said to be important aspect in the ethical follow-through. People are more likely to give their ethical values a high priority when they get rewarded through raises and promotions amongst other forms. However, the moral motivation is seen to drop when the unethical actions are found to be reinforced by the reward system. It is advised that for the professional decision maker to increase their motivation and that of their followers, they have to seek out and create and ethically rewarding system (Cloke, 2001). Forth Component: Moral Character For the plan of action to be executed, there must be a character. The moral agents are expected to overcome the opposition and restrict destructions in the process as they will also be developing tactics and strategies while coping with the associated fatigue. The latter explains the existence of the moderate correlation between the moral judgment and the moral behavior where in most cases, deciding does not lead to doing. It is believed that integrity encourages the leaders to be true to themselves and their choices (Hoffman, 2006). Humility is seen to force the leaders to address the challenges that might be a barrier for taking action. The personal traits of an individual are also believed to be a contributing factor to the moral action. The people possessing a strong will and self-confidence are the ones with high chances of being persistent. The people who are internally oriented have a control over their lives and they can easily determine their happenings. The externally orien ted persons have a notion that their life events are beyond their control and are a product of fate or luck (Brown, 2002). Conclusion Mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. In evaluative mediation, there are invites to offer a solution to the disputing parties following a realistic evaluation of their negotiating positions according to the legal requirements falling within the anticipated results by the courts. Therapeutic, is being known for the focus on the instances where the future relationships of the disputing persons or parties are to be improved. Problem-solving mediation process appears to be a highly directive in the process of trying to reach the goal. Transformative approach to the mediation process does not rely on the immediate problem resolution but they seek an empowerment as well as a mutual recognition from the parties conflicting. Empowerment is the process of allowing the parties to define their issues and to seek solution to their issues. The main goals that are associated with the transformative mediation are believed to be, fostering the empowerment and r ecognition of the parties allowing the parties a chance to define the appropriate approach to their problems current and later. It is advisable that one becomes an active listener and role playing and also imagining other perspectives in the process. Also, they will have to step back from a case to allow them to determine whether they have any moral implications. References Alexander, N (2002). Mediation in the Modern Millennium. Conference Paper XVITH Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law. The University of Queensland, Brisbane. Alexander, N (2003). Global Trends in Mediation. Walters Kluwer Law and Business. Bingham, L.B. (2004). Employment Dispute Resolution: The Case for Mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Vol 22, no 1-2 Brown, C.J. 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